Dr. Rabus, Markus

We validate the presence of a two-planet system orbiting the 0.15–1.4 Gyr K4 dwarf TOI 560 (HD 73583). The system consists of an inner moderately eccentric transiting mini-Neptune (TOI 560 b, P 6.3980661 0.00000970.0000095 = -+ days,e 0.294 0.0620.13= -+ , M M0.94 0.230.31 Nep= -+ ) initially discovered in the Sector 8 Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission observations, and a transiting mini-Neptune (TOI 560 c, P 18.8805 0.00110.0024 = - + days, M M1.32 0.320.29 Nep= -+ ) discovered in the Sector 34 observations, in a rare near-1:3 orbital resonance. We utilize photometric data from TESS Spitzer, and ground-based follow-up observations to confirm the ephemerides and period of the transiting planets, vet false-positive scenarios, and detect the photoeccentric effect for TOI 560 b. We obtain follow-up spectroscopy and corresponding precise radial velocities (RVs) with the iSHELL spectrograph at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility and the HIRES Spectrograph at Keck Observatory to validate the planetary nature of these signals, which we combine with published Planet Finder Spectrograph RVs from the Magellan Observatory. We detect the masses of both planets at >3σ significance. We apply a Gaussian process (GP) model to the TESS light curves to place priors on a chromatic RV GP model to constrain the stellar activity of the TOI 560 host star, and confirm a strong wavelength dependence for the stellar activity demonstrating the ability of near-IR RVs to mitigate stellar activity for young K dwarfs. TOI 560 is a nearby moderately young multiplanet system with two planets suitable for atmospheric characterization with the James Webb Space Telescope and other upcoming missions. In particular, it will undergo six transit pairs separated by <6 hr before 2027 June.

We present and confirm TOI-1751 b, a transiting sub-Neptune orbiting a slightly evolved, solar-type, metal-poor star (Teff = 5996 ± 110 K, log(g)=4.2 + 0.1, V = 9.3 mag, [Fe/H] = −0.40 ± 0.06 dex) every 37.47 days. We use TESS photometry to measure a planet radius of 2.77-0.07+0.15 R. We also use both Keck/HIRES and APF/Levy radial velocities (RV) to derive a planet mass of 14.5-3.14+3.15M, and thus a planet density of 3.6 ± 0.9 g cm−3. There is also a long-period (∼400 days) signal that is observed in only the Keck/HIRES data. We conclude that this long-period signal is not planetary in nature and is likely due to the window function of the Keck/HIRES observations. This highlights the role of complementary observations from multiple observatories to identify and exclude aliases in RV data. Finally, we investigate the potential compositions of this planet, including rocky and water-rich solutions, as well as theoretical irradiated ocean models. TOI-1751 b is a warm sub-Neptune with an equilibrium temperature of ∼820 K. As TOI-1751 is a metal-poor star, TOI-1751 b may have formed in a water-enriched formation environment. We thus favor a volatile-rich interior composition for this planet.

We present the discovery of two nearly identically sized sub-Neptune transiting planets orbiting HD 63935, a bright (V = 8.6 mag), Sun-like (Teff = 5560 K) star at 49 pc. TESS identified the first planet, HD 63935 b (TOI509.01), in Sectors 7 and 34. We identified the second signal (HD 63935 c) in Keck High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer and Lick Automated Planet Finder radial velocity data as part of our follow-up campaign. It was subsequently confirmed with TESS photometry in Sector 34 as TOI-509.02. Our analysis of the photometric and radial velocity data yielded a robust detection of both planets with periods of 9.0600 ± 0.007 and 21.40 ± 0.0019 days, radii of 2.99 ± 0.14 and 2.90 ± 0.13 R⊕, and masses of 10.8 ± 1.8 and 11.1 ± 2.4 M⊕. We calculated densities for planets b and c consistent with a few percent of the planet mass in hydrogen/helium envelopes. We also describe our survey’s efforts to choose the best targets for James Webb Space Telescope atmospheric followup. These efforts suggest that HD 63935 b has the most clearly visible atmosphere of its class. It is the best target for transmission spectroscopy (ranked by the transmission spectroscopy metric, a proxy for atmospheric observability) in the so far uncharacterized parameter space comprising sub-Neptune-sized (2.6 R⊕ < Rp < 4 R⊕), moderately irradiated (100 F⊕ < Fp < 1000 F⊕) planets around G stars. Planet c is also a viable target for transmission spectroscopy, and given the indistinguishable masses and radii of the two planets, the system serves as a natural laboratory for examining the processes that shape the evolution of sub-Neptune planets.

We present the discovery of a highly irradiated and moderately inflated ultrahot Jupiter, TOI-1431b/MASCARA5 b (HD 201033b), first detected by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission (TESS) and the Multisite All-Sky Camera (MASCARA). The signal was established to be of planetary origin through radial velocity measurements obtained using SONG, SOPHIE, FIES, NRES, and EXPRES, which show a reflex motion of K = 294.1 ± 1.1 m s−1. A joint analysis of the TESS and ground-based photometry and radial velocity measurements reveals that TOI-1431b has a mass of Mp = 3.12 ± 0.18 MJ (990 ± 60 M⊕), an inflated radius of Rp = 1.49 ± 0.05 RJ (16.7 ± 0.6 R⊕), and an orbital period of P = 2.650237 ± 0.000003 days. Analysis of the spectral energy distribution of the host star reveals that the planet orbits a bright (V = 8.049 mag) and young ( -+ 0.29 0.19 0.32 Gyr) Am type star with = -+ Teff 7690 250 400 K, resulting in a highly irradiated planet with an incident flux of á ñ= ´ - + F 7.24 0.64 0.68 109 erg s−1 cm−2 ( - + 5300 470 SÅ 500 ) and an equilibrium temperature of Teq = 2370 ± 70 K. TESS photometry also reveals a secondary eclipse with a depth of - + 127 5 4 ppm as well as the full phase curve of the planet’s thermal emission in the red-optical. This has allowed us to measure the dayside and nightside temperature of its atmosphere as Tday = 3004 ± 64 K and Tnight = 2583 ± 63 K, the second hottest measured nightside temperature. The planet’s low day/night temperature contrast (∼420 K) suggests very efficient heat transport between the dayside and nightside hemispheres. Given the host star brightness and estimated secondary eclipse depth of ∼1000 ppm in the K band, the secondary eclipse is potentially detectable at near-IR wavelengths with ground-based facilities, and the planet is ideal for intensive atmospheric characterization through transmission and emission spectroscopy from space missions such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey.

We report the confirmation of a TESS-discovered transiting super-Earth planet orbiting a mid-G star, HD 307842(TOI-784). The planet has a period of 2.8 days, and the radial velocity (RV) measurements constrain the mass to beM9.67 0.820.83-+ Å. We also report the discovery of an additional planet candidate on an outer orbit that is most likelynontransiting. The possible periods of the planet candidate are approximately 20–63 days, with the correspondingRV semiamplitudes expected to range from 3.2 to 5.4 m s−1 and minimum masses from 12.6 to 31.1 M⊕. Theradius of the transiting planet (planet b) is R1.93 0.090.11-+ Å, which results in a mean density of 7.4 g cm1.21.4 3-+ -suggesting that TOI-784 b is likely to be a rocky planet though it has a comparable radius to a sub-Neptune. Wefound TOI-784 b is located at the lower edge of the so-called “radius valley” in the radius versus insolation plane,which is consistent with the photoevaporation or core-powered mass-loss prediction. The TESS data did not revealany significant transit signal of the planet candidate, and our analysis shows that the orbital inclinations of planet band the planet candidate are 88.60 0.860.84-+ and 88°.3–89°.2, respectively. More RV observations are needed to determine the period and mass of the second object, and search for additional planets in this system