Mg. Rebolledo-Vega, Rodrigo

This article addresses the problem of unequal representation in Chile, where the current districting does not effectively consider its socio-economic diversity. An innovative methodology is proposed that uses the socio-economic dissimilarity distance (SED) obtained using a cluster analysis to create more homogeneous electoral districts. This SED is incorporated into a mathematical programming model for (re)districting and seat allocation, taking into account criteria such as the demographic balance, contiguity and compactness. The application of this methodology in the Santiago Metropolitan Region shows a significant improvement in both the socio-economic homogeneity and demographic balance of the districts. This research has relevant implications for electoral justice in Chile, as it proposes a way to improve the representativeness and ensure that the needs of each social group are reflected in the decision-making process.

This paper presents a mathematical programming model to simultaneously create districts and allocate seats in Chile’s Chamber of Deputies, improving representativeness. In addition, it explicitly incorporates constraints that ensure the contiguity of the communes that form the districts while respecting natural and administrative boundaries. Implementing specific strategies and methods has resulted in significant enhancements in particular metrics used to assess the degree of representativeness. These improvements have effectively addressed certain shortcomings and resulted in more accurate and reliable representation measurements in the given context. This study proposes a novel mathematical programming model that simultaneously tackles district creation and seat allocation for Chile’s Chamber of Deputies. This integrated approach aims to achieve a more representative body. The results demonstrate a substantial decrease in malapportionment, from 11.07 in the 2015 reform to 6.55 under the proposed model. Furthermore, the sum of deviations has diminished, and the number of overrepresented districts has decreased from 17 to 13 out of 28 districts. Consequently, the malapportionment has been significantly reduced and falls within the permissible range of deviations, as outlined by the European Commission for Democracy through Law.

To model dynamic systems in various situations results in an ordinary differential equation of the form dy/dt=g(y,t,θ), where g denotes a function and θ stands for a parameter or vector of unknown parameters that require estimation from observations. In order to consider environmental fluctuations and numerous uncontrollable factors, such as those found in forestry, a stochastic noise process ϵt may be added to the aforementioned equation. Thus, a stochastic differential equation is obtained: dYt/dt=f(Yt,t,θ)+ϵt. This paper introduces a method and procedure for parameter estimation in a stochastic differential equation utilising the Richards model, facilitating growth prediction in a forest’s tree population. The fundamental concept of the approach involves assuming that a deterministic differential equation controls the development of a forest stand, and that randomness comes into play at the moment of observation. The technique is utilised in conjunction with the logistic model to examine the progression of an agricultural epidemic induced by a virus. As an alternative estimation method, we present the Random Time Transformation (RTT) method. Thus, this paper’s primary contribution is the application of the RTT method to estimate the Richards model, which has not been conducted previously. The literature often uses the logistic or Gompertz models due to difficulties in estimating the parameter form of the Richards model. Lastly, we assess the effectiveness of the RTT Method applied to the Chapman–Richards model using both simulated and real-life data.

La representatividad del mapa electoral del sistema binominal chileno, siempre fue un tema problemático a la hora de las elecciones. Si bien la reforma del año 2015 aborda en mejor medida las distorsiones que el sistema binominal manifestaba, aún sigue presentando problemas de representatividad población-escaño. Bajo este escenario, se introduce un modelo de programación matemática que define los distritos y asigna los escaños de la Cámara de Diputados de Chile, obteniendo mejoras significativas en tres indicadores para medir la representatividad. Las implicancias de esta redistritación a nivel de análisis político son importantes, sin embargo, éstas no son consideradas en este trabajo.

En este artículo se muestran diferentes algoritmos para estimar parámetros en modelos no lineales. Se aplican primeramente a una base de datos de problemas clasificados difíciles. Posteriormente, se muestra el comportamiento de los algoritmos para el estudio de crecimiento de la merluza común en machos y hembras, anchoveta y sardina común ajustando un modelo de Von Bertalanffy. Se aplica el test de Cerrato para la comparación de crecimientos entre géneros para la merluza común. Los algoritmos se implementaron en ambiente MATLAB presentando un buen comportamiento en cuanto a tiempo CPU, número de iteraciones y exactitud de la solución encontrada respecto de valores certificados de los problemas de la base de datos.