Dr. Caamaño-Avendaño, Diego

Estuaries are dynamic ecosystems with crucial environmental, economic, and social functions, driving extensive hydro-morphological research supported by numerical modeling. This study systematically reviews estuarine modeling applications over the past 15 years to identify commonly used tools, model configurations, and validation strategies, to examine regional trends in the application, and to explore and discuss the relative emphasis on hydrodynamic, sediment transport, and morphological modeling within the selected studies. Following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, a comprehensive search in Scopus and Web of Science identified 3926 articles, from which 197 met the eligibility criteria. Each study was analyzed to assess modeling software, mesh types, dimensional configurations, and validation parameters. Results indicate that DELFT3D is the most widely used tool, followed by TELEMAC and FVCOM, with a preference for two-dimensional models and structured meshes. Model accuracy, assessed through Skill Scores, confirms their reliability in representing estuarine dynamics. Additionally, findings reveal significant geographical disparities, with China leading research efforts, while Latin America and Africa remain underrepresented. This gap highlights the need to expand modeling efforts in these regions to enhance estuarine management and resilience. Strengthening numerical modeling in diverse contexts will improve the predictive capacity of hydro-morphological processes, supporting sustainable decision-making in estuarine environments.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has been steadily increasing due to their ability to acquire high-precision ground elevation information at a low cost. However, these devices have limitations in estimating elevations of the water surface and submerged terrain (i.e., channel bathymetry). Therefore, the creation of a digital terrain model (DTM) using UAVs in low-water periods means a greater dry channel surface area and thus reduces the lack of information on the wet area not appropriately measured by the UAV. Under such scenarios, UAV-DTM-derived data present an opportunity for practical engineering in estimating floods; however, the accuracy of estimations against current methods of flood estimations and design needs to be measured. The objective of this study is therefore to develop an exploratory analysis for the creation of hydraulic models of river floods using only UAV-derived topographic information. Hydraulic models were constructed based on DTMs created in (i) the traditional manner, considering the bathymetry measured with RTK-GPS and topography, and via (ii) remote sensing, which involves topography measurement with a UAV and assumes a flat bed in the part of the channel covered by water. The 1D steady-state HEC-RAS model v.5.0.3 was used to simulate floods at different return periods. The applied methodology allows a slightly conservative, efficient, economical, and safe approach for the estimation of floods in rivers, with an RMSE of 6.1, 11.8 and 12.6 cm for the Nicodahue, Bellavista and Curanilahue rivers. The approach has important implications for flood studies, as larger areas can be surveyed, and cost-and time-efficient flood estimations can be performed using affordable UAVs. Further research on this topic is necessary to estimate the limitations and precision in rivers with different morphologies and under different geographical contexts.

The installation of hydroelectric plants has generated multiple environmental impacts on the world’s river systems. In central Chile, the impacts of hydroelectric reservoir operation have been documented in ecological and hydrologic regime terms. This investigation assesses the changes in channel morphology, vegetation distribution, and flows in the middle section of the Maule River during the period following the start-up of a hydroelectric plant. Changes in fluvial morphology (active area) and land cover are quantified using LANDSAT images, contrasted with a vegetation sampling and flow analysis. The results show a 12% decrease in active areas of the river, indicating a loss of geomorphological diversity. Within the active channel, there was a gradual increase in plant-covered surface area, which reached 159% between 1989 and 2018, mainly due to reductions in water (−61%), active bar (−35%), and bare soil surface areas (−29%). The changes were evident ten years after plant operations began and intensified during the period known as the megadrought in central Chile (2008–2018). The flow magnitudes present a decrease for exceedance probabilities (P) below 85% in the period after 1985, with a slight increase recorded for low flows (P > 85%). In the segments with superior stabilization, invasive species such as Acacia dealbata (silver wattle) predominated, which are specialists at taking advantage of disturbances to settle and stabilize active areas, narrowing the possibilities for morphological change.

However rare, dam breach occurrences are recently reported and associated with significant damage to life and property. The rupture of the structural dam wall generates severe flow rates that exceed spillway capacity consequently generating unprecedented flooding scenarios. The present research aims to assess the influence of the dam breach statistical configuration on the most relevant parameters to predict the rupture maximum discharge (RMD). McBreach© software was used to provide the necessary inputs for the operation of the HEC-RAS dam breach module. McBreach© automates the process of batch mode simulations providing a Monte Carlo approach to characterize the breach parameters stochastically. Thus, a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the most influential breach parameters, followed by an uncertainty assessment regarding their statistical definition of the resultant RMD. Analysis showed that the overtopping failure mode discharges are most sensitive to the breach formation time (tf) parameter, followed by the final height breach (Inv) and the final width of the breach (B), which combined are responsible for 85% of the rupture’s maximum discharge. Further results indicated highly variable RMD magnitudes (up to 300%) depending on the breach parameter’s statistical definition (i.e., probability density function and associated statistical parameters). The latter significantly impacts the estimated flood risk associated with the breach, the flood zone delimitation, preparation of emergency action plans (EAP) and scaling of future dam projects. Consequently, there is a plausible need for additional investigations to reduce this uncertainty and, therefore, the risk associated with it.

Accurate prediction of pollutant concentrations in a river course is of great importance in environmental management. Mathematical dispersion models are often used to predict the spatial distribution of substances to help achieve these objectives. In practice, these models use a dispersion coefficient as a calibration parameter that is calculated through either expensive field tracer experiments or through empirical equations available in the scientific literature. The latter are based on reach-averaged values obtained from laboratory flumes or simple river reaches, which often show great variability when applied to natural streams. These equations cannot directly account for mixing that relates specifically to spatial fluctuations of channel geometry and complex bed morphology. This study isolated the influence of mixing related to bed morphology and presented a means of calculating a predictive longitudinal mixing equation that directly accounted for pool-riffle sequences. As an example, a predictive equation was developed by means of a three-dimensional numerical model based on synthetically generated pool-riffle bathymetries. The predictive equation was validated with numerical experiments and field tracer studies. The resulting equation was shown to more accurately represent mixing across complex morphology than those relations selected from the literature.

The Bío Bío River is the second largest river in Chile considering both discharge and length. The Bío Bío River flows through the second most important economical centre in Chile and it has been recently classified as one of the world's largest river systems strongly affected by fragmentation and change in flow regime, mainly due to hydropower and irrigation. The cities of Hualqui, Chiguayante, Concepción, Hualpén, and San Pedro de la Paz are located along the last 25 km of its course, and are exposed to a high flood risk due to a combination of increasing rainfall storms and the dams operation located in the upper basin. This work assessed several structural and non-structural flood defence alternatives for the lower 25 km of the river. A one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic model was used under different discharge scenarios. The results showed that storage areas and diversion canals located along the lower part of the Bío Bío River did not prove to be a suitable solution. Nevertheless, it was found that the most effective alternative implies a reservoir operation focused on storing the extra water produced by the incoming flood. Conclusions support the materialization of reservoir emergency operation protocols, as indicated in the Reglamento de Ley N°20.304, approved by Decreto de Ley 138, Chile.