Dr. Villagran-Orellana, Marcelo

Chile tiene una de las tasas de obesidad más altas del mundo. Se estima que para el año 2030 las muertes atribuidas a esta enfermedad alcanzarían a 204 mil personas, incrementándose además los costos económicos asociados a esta patología. Las causas y los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de obesidad son diversos. Sin embargo, existe consenso que una de las maneras más eficaces de prevenir y/o disminuir su prevalencia es abordando los factores de riesgo modificables, a través del fomento de hábitos de vida saludable con un enfoque integral, centrados en la alimentación saludable, práctica de actividad física, prevención del tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol, como también en el cuidado de la salud mental del individuo. No obstante, el desafío es cómo hacer realidad estos buenos propósitos. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta revisión, parte 2, fue investigar los principales factores modificables, con énfasis en los factores individuales, que han repercutido en el desarrollo de obesidad: desde una mirada global hasta el caso particular de Chile.

The purpose of this study was to investigate healthy lifestyle behaviours across age categories in the older population in Chile. Data from 1390 older adults (≥60 years), in the 2009–2010 Chilean National Health Survey were analyzed. We derived the following age categories: 60–65, 66–70, 71–75, 76–80 and >80 years. The associations between age and compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviours (smoking, sitting time, physical activity, sleep duration and intake of salt, alcohol, fruit and vegetables) were investigated using logistic regression. The probability of meeting the guidelines for alcohol intake (OR trend: 1.35 [95% CI: 1.11; 1.64], p = 0.001) and smoking (OR trend: 1.23 [95% CI: 1.13; 1.33], p < 0.0001) increased with age, whereas spending <4 h per day sitting time or engaging in at least 150 min of physical activity per week or sleep on average between 7 and 9 h per day were less likely to be met with increasing age (OR trend: 0.77 [95% CI: 0.71; 0.83], p < 0.000; OR trend: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.67; 0.79], p < 0.0001, and OR trend: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.82; 0.96], p = 0.002, respectively). No significant trend across age categories was observed for fruit and vegetables, and salt intake. The probability of meeting at least 3 out of 7 healthy lifestyle behaviours across the age categories was also lower in older age categories compared to those aged 60 to 65 years. Overall, in older adults the probability of having the healthy lifestyle behaviours of physical activity, sitting time and sleeping behaviours was low but not for smoking or alcohol consumption. With an increasingly ageing population, these findings could inform stakeholders on which lifestyle behaviours could be targeted in the older adults and therefore which interventions should take place to promote healthy ageing.