Dr. Valdes-Morales, Hector

This article presents a combination of coagulation–flocculation and powder activated carbon (PAC) adsorption as a treatment process for landfill leachate. Leachates were collected from a municipal solid waste landfill in Mediouna site, Casablanca city. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is used here as a coagulant to study the optimum conditions for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity in jar tests. This coagulant showed the highest removal efficiency in terms of COD (62.5%), turbidity (92.5%), colour (80%) and least sludge volume generation (30% v/v) for an optimum coagulant dose of 12 g Fe3+ L–1. Combining coagulation with adsorption process onto PAC enhances the removal of COD, turbidity and colour reduction by a 77%, a 99% and a 99.7%, respectively. These results show that coagulation-adsorption could be used as a promising hybrid process for the treatment of landfill leachates.

A great number of pollution problems come as a result of the emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) into the environment and their control becomes a serious challenge for the global chemical industry. Adsorption is a widely used technique for the removal of VOCs due to its high efficiency, low cost, and convenient operation. In this study, the feasibility to use a locally available clay, as adsorbent material to control VOCs emissions is evaluated. Natural clay is characterised by different physical-chemical methods and adsorptive interaction features between VOCs and natural clay are identified. Toluene (T), methanol (M) and benzaldehyde (B) are used here as representatives of three different kinds of VOCs. Adsorption isotherms onto natural clay and faujasite-Y type zeolite (Fau Y) are obtained at room temperature. According to Langmuir model data, maximum adsorption capacities (qm) of Fez natural clay and zeolite toward methanol (M), toluene (T) and benzaldehyde (B) at 300 K are 8, 0.89 and 3.1 mmol g–1, and 15, 1.91 and 13.9 mmol g–1 respectively. In addition, the effect of temperature on the adsorption of toluene onto natural clay is evaluated in the range from 300 to 323K. An increase on temperature reduces the adsorption capacity of natural clay toward toluene, indicating that an exothermic physical adsorption process takes place. The enthalpy of adsorption of toluene onto Fez natural clay was found to be –54 kJ mol–1. A preliminary cost analysis shows that natural clay could be used as an alternative low cost adsorbent in the control of VOCs from contaminated gas streams with a cost of US$ 0.02 kg–1 compared to Fau Y zeolite with US$ 10 kg–1.

The influence of surface physical-chemical characteristics of Chilean natural zeolite on the catalytic ozonation of toluene is presented in this article. Surface characteristics of natural zeolite were modified by acid treatment with hydrochloric acid and ion-exchange with ammonium sulphate. Prior to catalytic ozonation assays, natural and chemically modified zeolite samples were thermally treated at 623 and 823 K in order to enhance Brønsted and Lewis acid sites formation, respectively. NaturalandmodifiedzeolitesampleswerecharacterisedbyN2 adsorptionat77K,elementalanalysis, X-ray fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, using pyridine as a probe molecule. The highest values of the reaction rate of toluene oxidation were observed when NH4Z1 and 2NH4Z1 zeolite samples were used. Those samples registered the highest density values of Lewis acid sites compared to other samples used here. Results indicate that the presence of strong Lewis acid sites at the 2NH4Z1 zeolite surface causes an increase in the reaction rate of toluene oxidation, confirming the role of Lewis acid sites during the catalytic ozonation of toluene at room temperature. Lewis acid sites decompose gaseous ozone into atomic oxygen, which reacts with the adsorbed toluene at Brønsted acid sites. On the other hand, no significant contribution of Brønsted acid sites on the reaction rate was registered when NH4Z1 and 2NH4Z1 zeolite samples were used.

En este trabajo se investigaron las variables de diseño y los parámetros operacionales en el proceso de adsorción de compuestos orgánicos volátiles clorados (COVs-Cl) utilizando zeolita natural modificada con metales de transición (ZMt). Se establecieron los niveles de las variables de diseño: temperatura de desgasificación [350 550 OC], tipo de metal de transición [Fe, Mn, Ag, Co, Cu, Ni], concentración del metal depositado [0,05; 0,1 M], método de deposición del metal [impregnación, intercambio iónico], posttratamiento del metal depositado [desgasificación con Ar, calcinación con O2, reducción con H2], y como parámetros operacionales: tipo de COVs-Cl [percloroetileno, clorobenceno], concentración de COVs-Cl [1,5; 9,5 μmol dm-3], temperatura de adsorción [20; 100 OC], flujo volumétrico de COVs-Cl [50; 100 cm3 min-1], masa de ZMt [0,15; 0,3 g]. Se utilizó el diseño de experimento D-Optimal, con el que el número de experimentos a realizar fue reducido de 2.048 a 139. Los experimentos de adsorción se llevaron a cabo en un adsorbedor de lecho fijo, siguiendo la concentración del COVs-Cl por cromatografía de gases. Los resultados experimentales se ajustaron a un modelo de regresión lineal de segundo orden. El análisis de varianza (ANOVA) demostró que el modelo ajustado es altamente significativo y con una satisfactoria bondad de ajuste. Los resultados del ANOVA también indicaron que entre las variables significativas, las zeolitas intercambiadas con Fe y Cu tienen un efecto positivo en la capacidad de adsorción de la ZMt. La concentración de COVs-Cl y temperatura de adsorción muestran la mayor influencia en la eliminación de COVs-Cl entre las variables de operación estudiadas.

Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), one of the most consumed vegetables worldwide, are climacteric fruit in which ripening is accompanied by quickly increased respiration and ethylene production. Ethylene stimulates ripening and senescence that finally may result in detrimental effects by promoting unwanted softening, grainy structure, accelerated pigment synthesis and chlorophyll loss in tomatoes. Therefore, most postharvest technology strategies are focused on the minimization of ethylene production, inhibition of its action and removal of ethylene from storage facilities. The aim of the present work was to study the ethylene adsorption capacity of a novel copper-zinc-based ethylene scavenger supported on natural zeolite and the effects of ethylene scavenging on quality attributes of tomatoes during their postharvest shelf life. Tomatoes (control, natural zeolite, zeolite doped with copper and zinc) were stored in hermetically sealed glass desiccators, in darkness at 20 °C and a relative humidity of 88 %. Production rates of ethylene and carbon dioxide were determined during 15 days of storage of tomato fruit by monitoring their headspace concentrations as a function of time using gas chromatography. Physical parameters, such as size, weight, colour and texture, and chemical attributes, including moisture, soluble solids, titratable acidity, reducing sugars and lycopene, were determined at the start of the experiment and after 8 and 15 days of tomato storage. Ethylene production diminished in 50 % for modified zeolite and in 7 % for natural zeolite during the first week, while major concentration peaks appeared for both zeolite treatments at 9.5 days. Moreover, modified zeolite delayed tomato respiration during the first six days. This adsorbent was able to shift the respiration peak compared to control treatment in time due to the incorporation of copper and zinc. Increased respiration and ethylene production rates in presence of both zeolites after 1 week of tomato storage trigger the decay of organic acids and part of the soluble solids. In addition, natural zeolite significantly reduced Young’s modulus at the end of storage, which can be attributed to the increased ethylene accumulation of about 40 % compared to control tomatoes. Furthermore, red colour evolution was promoted by natural zeolite, while modified zeolite induced the greatest delay of colour development in tomatoes. Additionally, the use of natural zeolite results to significantly higher increase of lycopene synthesis compared to tomatoes stored in presence of modified zeolite. Natural zeolite doped with copper and zinc cations favours ethylene removal and delays tomato fruit ripening. However, the single use of natural zeolite should be reconsidered due to its ripening promoting effects in tomatoes. Finally, the incorporation of copper and zinc cations to a zeolite support is a new, emergent postharvest technology to slow down fruit ripening that may create new commercial opportunities for fresh-market tomatoes

BiOBr microspheres with hierarchical morphologies (BiOBr-MicSphe) has potential application in heterogeneous photocatalysis for decontamination of water and air. For this reason, the synthesis, characterization an evaluation of photocatalytic activity of these materials become important. In this article, BiOBr-MicSphe were synthesized using different ranges of reaction temperature (120-200 ºC) and reaction time (12 h - 24 h). Samples grown at 145 °C and 18 h showed the higher photocatalytic activity on gallic acid degradation. Morphological properties, chemical composition and structural analysis revealed that sample with higher photocatalytic activity exhibited a microspherical morphology with pure BiOBr tetragonal phase. Besides, adsorption-desorption analysis showed a smaller pore diameter for sample grown at 145 °C and 18 hrs. The results showed that the reaction temperature has a strong influence on the different properties of the material, affecting the photocatalytic activity.