The present pages include an investigation about the situation of women in the Judaism of the second temple. Its study is based -mainly- on the literary sources of the intertestament, including also canonical Christian texts. The social, family and religious situation of the s. I d.C. they realize that the role of women was marked by the mother`s role, in charge of domestic affairs, without public or religious participation.For its part in the Jewish community of Qumran there is doubt whether there were women or not among the qumranites, later in the rabbinic literature, the feminine allusions are marked by engagement normatives and depending on the male. However, the written testimony about Jesus’ behavior with women would be novel – although imbued with the Jewish culture of the time – by highlighting a break with the socio-cultural patterns of the time.