Publicaciones Científicas

Wildfires in central-south Chile, consistent with trends observed in other Mediterranean regions, are expected to become more frequent and severe, threatening ecosystems and impacting millions of people. This study aims to enhance wildfire resilience in the central-south regions of Chile through the provision of robust information on current wildfire management practices and comparison with successful alternatives implemented in other fire-prone Mediterranean regions. With this aim, we consulted 55 local stakeholders involved in wildfire management, and alongside a comparative analysis of wildfire statistics and resource allocation in selected Mediterranean regions, we critically assessed different strategies to improve wildfire prevention and management in central-south Chile. The comparative analysis indicated notable economic under-investment for wildfire prevention in Chile. Compared to other Mediterranean countries, Chile is clearly below in terms of investment in forest fire prevention, both in global (public investment) and specific terms ($ ha−1, GDP per capita). The experts consulted included fuel management, governance and community participation, territorial management, landscape planning, socioeconomic evaluation, and education and awareness as key aspects for wildfire prevention. The results of the questionnaire indicated that there was a broad consensus regarding the importance of managing biomass to reduce fuel loads and vegetation continuity, thereby enhancing landscape resilience. Landscape planning and territorial management were also emphasized as critical tools to balance ecological needs with those of local communities, mitigating wildfire risks. Fire-Smart management emerged as a nature-based solution and a promising integrated approach, combining fuel treatments with modeling, simulation, and scenario evaluation based on local and regional environmental data. Additionally, educational and social engagement tools were considered vital for addressing misconceptions and fostering community support. Besides a better integration of rural planning with social demands, this study underscores the urgent need to substantially increase the investment and significance of wildfire prevention measures in central-south Chile, which are key to improving its wildfire resilience. Our work contextualizes the reality of wildfires in central-south Chile and directly contributes to mitigating this growing concern by critically examining successful wildfire resilience strategies from comparable fire-prone regions, complementing ongoing local efforts and offering a practical guide for stakeholders in wildfire management and prevention, with particular relevance to central-south Chile and other regions with similar characteristics.

This study aimed to determine which task (jumping or sprinting) and which force-velocity (F-V) relationship parameter (maximal force [F0], maximal velocity [v0], or maximal power [Pmax]) is the most sensitive indicator of fatigue induced by a basketball-specific protocol. Following a familiarization session, 19 junior male basketball players completed an experimental session in which both vertical (jumping) and horizontal (sprinting) F-V profiles were measured before, during and after undergoing a basketball-specific fatigue protocol (modified version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test). All F-V relationship parameters, except horizontal F0 (p = .328), were significantly reduced after fatigue (p ≤ .042). The vertical Pmax (ES = -0.48 to -0.80), horizontal Pmax (ES = -0.58 to -1.28), and horizontal v0 (ES = -0.81 to -0.98) showed larger reductions compared to the pre-fatigue assessment than the vertical v0 (ES = -0.19 to -0.27), vertical F0 (ES = -0.16 to -0.25), and horizontal F0 (ES = -0.11 to -0.30). When the percentage changes with respect to the pre-fatigue assessment were compared between the jumping and sprinting tasks, no significant differences in their magnitude (p ≥ .364) and trivial to small correlations (-0.23 ≤ r ≤ 0.19) were detected. The results suggest that Pmax is the most suitable parameter to detect fatigue following a basketball-specific fatigue protocol, while the lack of significant correlations for the changes in F-V relationship parameters highlight the importance of measuring both the vertical and horizontal F-V profiles to gain comprehensive understanding of the changes in the mechanical properties of lower-body muscles following fatigue protocols.

Estuaries are dynamic ecosystems with crucial environmental, economic, and social functions, driving extensive hydro-morphological research supported by numerical modeling. This study systematically reviews estuarine modeling applications over the past 15 years to identify commonly used tools, model configurations, and validation strategies, to examine regional trends in the application, and to explore and discuss the relative emphasis on hydrodynamic, sediment transport, and morphological modeling within the selected studies. Following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, a comprehensive search in Scopus and Web of Science identified 3926 articles, from which 197 met the eligibility criteria. Each study was analyzed to assess modeling software, mesh types, dimensional configurations, and validation parameters. Results indicate that DELFT3D is the most widely used tool, followed by TELEMAC and FVCOM, with a preference for two-dimensional models and structured meshes. Model accuracy, assessed through Skill Scores, confirms their reliability in representing estuarine dynamics. Additionally, findings reveal significant geographical disparities, with China leading research efforts, while Latin America and Africa remain underrepresented. This gap highlights the need to expand modeling efforts in these regions to enhance estuarine management and resilience. Strengthening numerical modeling in diverse contexts will improve the predictive capacity of hydro-morphological processes, supporting sustainable decision-making in estuarine environments.

Large earthquakes and tsunamis often occur around the Pacific Ring of Fire, in which Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) have been observed after these events. Sometimes (depending on seismic source features), TIDs can be observed near the epicenter of the generated earthqucovering 14ake due to the shock-acoustic wave. Additionally, TIDs can be induced by tsunamis due to the generated gravity waves and be detected several thousand kilometers away from the source. TIDs can be detected by analyzing Total Electron Content (TEC), which is calculated, indirectly, using signals from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. The procedure allows for studying the ionospheric disturbance with a good spatial and temporal resolution. This study aims to identify tsunami-induced TIDs in the near- and far-fields following significant events in the Oriental and Occidental South Pacific Ocean. The selection criteria covering 14 tsunamis that occurred between 2010 and 2021 generated by earthquakes with Mw > 7.8 and depth less than 50 km. Tsunamis were modeled and compared with the TIDs obtained from TEC deviations. Near-field and far-field TIDs observed in hodochrons differ primarily in the clarity of their association with tsunamis. The simulated tidal gauges show a possible connection with the observed TEC anomalies, behaving similarly but with different delay times, showing some events even hours in advance. This potential correlation between TID parameters and tsunamis propagated in the Pacific Ocean can contribute to understanding the involved mechanisms and facilitate the development of near real-time early warning systems.

Introducción: En Chile, la Política de Salud de Migrante Internacional establece la incorporación curricular de temáticas sobre migración, interculturalidad, derechos humanos, determinantes sociales y género en la Educación Superior; pero, se desconoce si esto ocurre de manera efectiva. Objetivo: Comprender la concreción de la Política de Salud de Migrante Internacional en el currículum de Ciencias de la Salud. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio Interpretativo/Hermenéutico que incluyó entrevistas semiestructuradas a jefes de carrera, académicos-docentes, guías clínicos y estudiantes, además de análisis documental de diferentes carreras de la salud de tres Universidades regionales de Chile. El análisis de datos incluyó codificación abierta, axial y selectiva con la asistencia del programa ATLAS.ti 24. Resultados: Participaron 179 informantes. Se conformaron tres categorías: Ámbito Institución de Salud, Ámbito Institución Universitaria y Ámbito de la Carrera, cada una con subcategorías facilitadoras u obstaculizadoras para la concreción de la política. El análisis Hermenéutico permitió interrelacionar las subcategorías para comprender el fenómeno global con una red semántica. Los facilitadores fueron escasos y aislados de la red. Los obstaculizadores están en mayor cantidad, más cohesionados y robustos, originando una formación profesional etnocéntrica que se valida con una atención de salud etnocéntrica en los campos clínicos. Discusión: Se propone el concepto de Gríngola Cultural en vez de Ceguera Cultural, porque existe consciencia de los factores culturales que influyen en la atención de salud, pero no se incorporan. Conclusiones: El currículum no responde a la Política de Salud de Migrante Internacional, es imperativo contar con políticas mancomunadas entre el Ministerio de Educación y Ministerio de Salud que reviertan el statu quo existente en la estructura sanitaria.

The Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) fermentation process is a promising approach for sustainable biobutanol production. However, separation and purification of butanol following membrane-based or distillation separation processes remain challenging due to the formation of a water-butanol heteroazeotropic mixture (55.5 wt% 1-butanol), requiring multiple distillation columns and generating both lean and rich aqueous phases. In this study, a novel sponge-like ionic liquid extraction process was employed to recover 1-butanol from these aqueous mixtures using 1-Methyl-3-octadecylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (C18MIM[Tf2N]). The liquid C18MIM[Tf2N] was contacted with a rich and lean butanol aqueous phases at temperatures above IL´s melting point (60 °C to 90 °C) and an IL/aqueous ratio of 1:1. After phase separation, the IL solidified at room temperature, allowing the extraction of the dissolved component via centrifugation. The results indicated that optimal recovery from the lean phase occurred at 80 °C, achieving enhanced solubility of 1-butanol in the IL while minimizing losses. Under these conditions, the remaining aqueous phase contained only 1 wt% 1-butanol, and over 95 % of the butanol was recovered from the IL. For the rich phase, high butanol concentrations altered the hydrophobicity of C18MIM[Tf2N], causing water retention and resulting in an aqueous phase with a higher butanol content. These findings highlight the potential of sponge-like IL extraction for efficient butanol purification, reducing energy-intensive distillation steps.

This study examines the empowering effect of transformational leadership on employees’ promotive voice behavior. In addition, the mediating effect of organization-based self-esteem and the moderating effect of job insecurity were investigated. Survey data were collected from 128 Chilean employees (enrolled in an executive business specialization program at a major Chilean university) three times using a time-lagged design. Latent moderated structural equation modeling was conducted to test the research hypotheses using Mplus. Results indicate that organization-based self-esteem fully mediates the positive relationship between transformational leadership and employees’ promotive voice behavior. Job insecurity had no significant moderating effect. This article contributes to the literature on transformational leadership by (1) providing insight into the role of organization-based self-esteem as a mechanism of follower transformation, (2) studying the boundary condition of quantitative job insecurity that may influence the effectiveness of transformational leadership, and (3) using a three-wave time-lagged design to understand these relationships.

This paper examines the changes in the dynamic interactions between short-run economic growth (EG) and functional income distribution (ID) before and during contemporary neoliberal capitalism in the USA. We estimate structural quantile vector autoregression models, thus studying the dynamic changes that have occurred in all parts of the conditional probability distributions of both EG and ID. First, we find evidence of important reductions in the profit-led effect across the whole probability distribution of EG during neoliberalism. Second, we find that profit squeeze dynamics have decreased at most parts of the probability distribution of ID but have increased its effect in the left tail of the latter, thus becoming more heterogeneous across the probability distribution of ID. Although the underlying transmission mechanisms have remained unaltered across the two periods, our results highlight that the interactions between EG and ID have become a more complex phenomenon to study since the mid-1980s.

In this paper, we construct an exact solution of the 𝑆⁢𝑈⁡(𝑁) Einstein-Skyrme model in 𝐷 =4 space-time dimensions describing a charged and rotating black hole with toroidal horizon. Rotation is added by applying an improper coordinate transformation to the known static toroidal black hole with Skyrme hair, while the electric charge is supplemented by considering a 𝑈⁡(1) gauge field interacting with Einstein gravity. We perform the thermal analysis in the grand canonical ensemble, explicitly showing the role that the flavor number plays. Some discussions about stability are also considered.

El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los estudios llevados a cabo sobre la inclusión educativa del estudiantado trans en el nivel universitario. Para realizar el proceso se puso en práctica una revisión sistemática de la literatura por medio de los criterios PRISMA. Se ejecutó una búsqueda exhaustiva en las bases Wos, Scopus y Scielo donde se incluyeron 227 trabajos. Una vez aplicados los criterios se obtuvieron 13 artículos. Los resultados indican que, algunas universidades han apostado por la construcción de entornos educativos inclusivos configurando una cultura empática y comprensiva. Además, los temas de interés se abordan desde las trayectorias de éxito académico, actitudes y conocimientos sobre diversidad sexual, políticas educativas inclusivas, discriminación, lenguaje inclusivo e integración curricular. Queda en evidencia que las investigaciones se mueven a escenarios asociados a las trayectorias de éxito. Se concluye, que no existe un proceso genuino de inclusión educativa, en su lugar este proceso es asociado más a la integración. La ambigüedad entre resultados positivos y negativos concreta que su incorporación no es integral, se trata de normalizar o aceptar su existencia.