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  4. A more precise mass for GJ 1214 b and the frequency of multiplanet systems around Mid-M Dwarfs
 
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A more precise mass for GJ 1214 b and the frequency of multiplanet systems around Mid-M Dwarfs
Dr. Astudillo-Defru, Nicola 
Facultad de Ingeniería 
Cloutier, Ryan
Charbonneau, David
Deming, Drake
Bonfils, Xavier
10.3847/1538-3881/ac1584
The Astronomical Journal
2021
We present an intensive effort to refine the mass and orbit of the enveloped terrestrial planet GJ 1214 b using 165 radial velocity (RV) measurements taken with the HARPS spectrograph over a period of 10 years. We conduct a joint analysis of the RVs with archival Spitzer/IRAC transits and measure a planetary mass and radius of 8.17 ±0.43 M⊕ and 2.742 0.053+ 0.050 R⊕. Assuming that GJ 1214 b is an Earth-like core surrounded by a H/He envelope, we measure an envelope mass fraction of Xenv= 5.24 0.29+ 0.30%. GJ 1214 b remains a prime target for secondary eclipse observations of an enveloped terrestrial, the scheduling of which benefits from our constraint on the orbital eccentricity of <0.063 at 95% confidence, which narrows the secondary eclipse window to 2.8hr. By combining GJ 1214 with other mid-M-dwarf transiting systems with intensive RV follow up, we calculate the frequency of mid-M-dwarf planetary systems with multiple small planets and find that+ 90 21 5% of mid-M dwarfs with a known planet with massä [1, 10] M⊕ and orbital period [0.5, 50] days, will host at least one additional planet. We rule out additional planets around GJ 1214 down to 3 M⊕ within 10 days, such that GJ 1214 is a singleplanet system within these limits. This result has a+ 44 5 9 probability given the prevalence of multiplanet systems around mid-M dwarfs. We also investigate mid-M-dwarf RV systems and show that the probability that all reported RV planet candidates are real planets is <12% at 99% confidence, although this statistical argument is unable to identify the probable false positives.
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Exoplanets (498)
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M dwarf stars (982)
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