In this paper, we present and classify the supersymmetric extensions of extended kinematical algebras, at the basis of non-Lorentzian physics theories. The diverse kinematical superalgebras are here derived by applying non- and ultra-relativistic expansion procedures involving different semigroups. We then build three-dimensional Chern-Simons non-Lorentzian supergravity theories based on such (extended) kinematical superalgebras, providing the supersymmetry transformation laws of the fields and the field equations of the models, which correspond to the vanishing of the curvature two-forms. In fact, the expansion procedure adopted allows to automatically end up with a non-degenerate bilinear invariant trace for the (extended) kinematical superalgebras. The latter is a crucial ingredient of the Chern-Simons field-theoretical formulation, as it allows to include a kinetic term for each gauge field of the theory, implying the vanishing of the curvature two-forms as field equations.