Datos de Investigación

Here we evaluate the so-called Thorson’s rule, which posits that direct-development and larger eggs are favored towards the poles in marine organisms and whose validity been the subject of considerable debate in the literature, combining an expanded phenotypic dataset encompassing 60 species of benthic octopuses with a new molecular phylogeny. Phylogenetic reconstruction shows two clades: clade 1 including species of the families Eledonidae, Megaleledonidae, Bathypolypodidae and Enteroctopodidae, and clade 2 including species of Octopodidae. Egg size, development mode and all environmental variables exhibited phylogenetic signal, partly due to differences between the two clades: whereas most species in clade 1 inhabit cold and deep waters, exhibit large eggs and hatchling with holobenthic development, species from clade 2 inhabit tropical-temperate and shallow waters, evolved small eggs and generally exhibit merobenthic development. Phylogenetic regressions show that egg size exhibits a conspicuous latitudinal cline, and that both egg size and development mode vary with water temperature. Additionally, analyses suggest that egg size is constrained by body size in lineages with holobenthic development. Taken together, results suggest that the variation in egg size and development mode across benthic octopuses is adaptive and associated with water temperature, supporting Thorson’s rule in these organisms.

Coastal human-made structures, such as marinas and harbours, are expanding worldwide. Species assemblages described from these artificial habitats are novel relative to natural reefs, particularly in terms of the abundance of non-indigenous species (NIS). Although these fouling assemblages are clearly distinctive, the ecosystem functioning and species interactions taking place there are little understood. For instance, large predators may influence the fouling community development either directly (feeding on sessile fauna) or indirectly (feeding on small predators associated with these assemblages). In addition, by providing refuges, habitat complexity may modify the outcome of species interactions and the extent of biotic resistance (e.g. by increasing the abundance of niche-specific competitors and predators of NIS). Using experimental settlement panels deployed in the field for 2.5 months, we tested the influence of predation (i.e. caging experiment), artificial structural complexity (i.e. mimics of turf-forming species), and their interactions (i.e. refuge effects) on the development of sessile and mobile fauna in two marinas. In addition, we tested the role of biotic complexity – arising from the habitat-forming species that grew on the panels during the trial – on the richness and abundance of mobile fauna. The effect of predation and artificial habitat complexity was negligible, regardless of assemblage status (i.e. native, cryptogenic and non-indigenous). Conversely, habitat-forming species and associated epibionts, responsible for biotic complexity, had a significant effect on mobile invertebrates (richness, abundance and community structure). In particular, the richness and abundance of mobile NIS were positively affected by biotic complexity, with site-dependent relationships. Altogether, our results indicate that biotic complexity prevails over artificial habitat complexity in determining the distribution of mobile species under low predation pressure. Facilitation of native and non-native species thus seems to act upon diversity and community development: this process deserves further consideration in models of biotic resistance to invasion in urban marine habitats.

The present distribution of Patagonian species is the result of a complex history involving Quaternary refugial populations, Holocene range expansions, and demographic changes occurring during the Anthropocene. Invasive salmonids were introduced in Patagonia during the last century, occupying most rivers and lakes, preying on, and competing with native species, including the fish Galaxias platei. Here we used G. platei as a case study to understand how long-term (i.e. population differentiation during the Holocene) and short-term historical processes (salmonid introductions) affect genetic diversity. Using a suite of microsatellite markers, we found that the number of alleles is negatively correlated with presence of salmonids (short-term processes), with G. platei populations from lakes with salmonids exhibiting significantly lower genetic diversity than populations from lakes without salmonids. Simulations (100 years backwards) showed that this difference in genetic diversity can be explained by a 99% reduction in population size. Allelic richness and observed heterozygosities were also negatively correlated with the presence of salmonids, but also positively correlated with long-term processes linked to Quaternary glaciations. Our results show how different genetic parameters can help identify processes taking place at different scales and their importance in terms of conservation.

Some of the most important insights into the ecological and evolutionary processes of diversification and speciation have come from studies of island adaptive radiations, yet relatively little research has examined how these radiations initiate. We suggest that Anolis sagrei is a candidate for understanding the origins of the Caribbean Anolis adaptive radiation and how a colonizing anole species begins to undergo allopatric diversification, phenotypic divergence and, potentially, speciation. We undertook a genomic and morphological analysis of representative populations across the entire native range of A. sagrei, finding that the species originated in the early Pliocene, with the deepest divergence occurring between western and eastern Cuba. Lineages from these two regions subsequently colonized the northern Caribbean. We find that at the broadest scale, populations colonizing areas with fewer closely related competitors tend to evolve larger body size and more lamellae on their toepads. This trend follows expectations for post‐colonization divergence from progenitors and convergence in allopatry, whereby populations freed from competition with close relatives evolve towards common morphological and ecological optima. Taken together, our results show a complex history of ancient and recent Cuban diaspora with populations on competitor‐poor islands evolving away from their ancestral Cuban populations regardless of their phylogenetic relationships, thus providing insight into the original diversification of colonist anoles at the beginning of the radiation. Our research also supplies an evolutionary framework for the many studies of this increasingly important species in ecological and evolutionary research.

HARPS spectroscopic time-series of L 98-59 including radial velocities and spectroscopic activity indices.

We tabulated the radial velocity data obtained with the SOPHIE and ELODIE spectrograph at Observatoire de Haute-Provence for the 54 targets published in this article. This includes epochs, RV, errors, with FWHM, CCF contrast and bissector spans for the SOPHIE spectra. The on-line data also contain Tables B.1 and B.3 to B.7 from the original article. They present some target basic informations (such as e.g. RA, DEC, mag etc.) as well as derived spectral properties (such as e.g. effective temperature, surface gravity, stellar mass, Vsin(i), activity indicators etc.). Finally, the results of Keplerian fits for all 54 targets are summarised in Tables B.5 to B.7. Table B1: Basic information such as RA, DEC, color and magnitude, as found on the SIMBAD page. The parallax is given in mas and was published in the Gaia DR2. This table includes the timespan and the number of RV measurements obtained from SOPHIE spectra. Tables B3 and B4: Spectral data. The spectral analysis was performed using the MOOG software (Sneden 1973ApJ...184..839S 1973ApJ...184..839S) using Kurucz stellar models. The mass of the star was calculated thanks to Torres et al. (2010A&ARv..18...67T 2010A&ARv..18...67T) empirical relation. The log R'HK magnetic activity indicator (see e.g. Boisse et al. 2011A&A...528A...4B 2011A&A...528A...4B), as well as the bissector span (BIS), and the full-width at half maximum (FWHM), as in e.g. Santerne et al. (2014A&A...571A..37S 2014A&A...571A..37S, Cat. J/A+A/571/A37; 2015MNRAS.451.2337S 2015MNRAS.451.2337S), are calculated by the SOPHIE data-reduction pipeline. Tables B5-B7: Keplerian fit solutions. Table B.5 contains Keplerian fit results of brown dwarfs candidates only in the mass regime 15-90Mjup. Table B.6 presents the Keplerian solutions for all other targets in the stellar (mainly M-dwarf) regime. Parameters tabulated are period P (days), semi-amplitudes K (m/s), eccentricities e, periastron angle omega (degree), time of periastron passage (or time of inferior conjunction if e=0) in JD, center-of-mass velocity (km/s) for Sophie and Sophie+ datasets, residuals O-C (m/s) for Sophie and Sophie+ datasets, the mass function f(m) in solar mass, the Msin(i) in Jupiter mass, and the companion semi-major axis (assuming a dark companion) in AU. Table B.7 presents the center-of-mass and residuals for other datasets (from the Keck/HIRES, the SB9 catalogue, or Elodie mainly).

Additional file 1. Supplementary tables.

HST/STIS spectra of K2-18 using the G140M grating centered on 1222 Angstroem, taken during the transit of the planet K2-18 b in March 9 2018. The data were reduced using the standard STIS pipeline (stistools); the spectral extraction was performed with user-defined parameters to minimize instrumental background contamination.

Additional file 1. Data based used in the present study.

Data set which contains the stochastic tsunami scenarios from the article "An improvement of tsunami hazard analysis in Central Chile based on stochastic rupture scenarios" The tsunami scenarios were configured to be run with NEOWAVE tsunami model. Each scenario consists of 376 subfaults of 20x20 km. The coordinates and depth correspond to the south west corner of each subfault.

Binned TESS light curve of WASP-121b, phase-folded at the orbital period of the planet. The flux is normalized to unity during the secondary eclipse, when the stellar light alone is measured.

Aim: Biological invasions and changes in land and sea use are amongst the five major causes of global biodiversity decline. Shipping and ocean sprawl (multiplication of artificial structures at the expense of natural habitats) are considered as the major forces responsible for marine invasions and biotic homogenization. And yet, there is little evidence of their interplay at multiple spatial scales. Here, we aimed to examine this interaction and the extent to which the type of artificial habitat alters the distribution of native and non-indigenous biodiversity. Location: Southeast Pacific - Central Chilean coastline Methods: Settlement plates were deployed upon two types of artificial habitats (floating or non-floating hard substrates) at a total of ten study sites, either exposed to international or local traffic. After colonization periods of three and thirteen months, plates were retrieved to determine their associated fouling sessile assemblages at an early and late stage of development, respectively. Putative confounding factors (temperature, metal concentrations) were taken into account. Results: While traffic type had no detectable effect, there were strong differences in community structure between habitats, consistent across the study region. These differences were driven by non-indigenous species which contributed to 58 and 40% of the community structure in floating habitats after three and thirteen months, respectively – roughly 10 times greater than in their non-floating counterparts. Assemblages on floating structures also displayed a lower decline in similarity with increasing distance between sampling units, being thus more homogenous than non-floating habitats at the regional scale. Main conclusions: With the absence of international traffic effect, the colonization success by non-indigenous species appears to be mainly habitat-dependent and driven by local propagules. Floating structures not only provide specific niches but characteristics shared with major introduction and dispersal vectors (notably hulls), and in turn constitute important corridors to invasions and drivers of biotic homogenization at multiple scales.

Urbanization is intensifying worldwide, and while some species tolerate and even exploit urban environments, many others are excluded entirely from this new habitat. Understanding the factors that underlie tolerance of urbanization is thus of rapidly growing importance. Here we examine urban tolerance across a diverse group of lizards: Caribbean members of the neotropical genus Anolis. Our analyses reveal that urban tolerance has strong phylogenetic signal, suggesting that closely related species tend to respond similarly to urban environments. We propose that this characteristic of urban tolerance in anoles may be used to forecast the possible responses of species to increasing urbanization. In addition, we identified several key ecological and morphological traits that tend to be associated with tolerance in Anolis. Specifically, species experiencing hot and dry conditions in their natural environment and those that maintain higher body temperatures tend to have greater tolerance of urban habitats. We also found that tolerance of urbanization is positively associated with toepad lamella number, and negatively associated with ventral scale density and relative hindlimb length. The identification of factors that predispose a species to be more or less urban tolerant can provide a starting point for conservation and sustainable development in our increasingly urbanized world.