Dra. Sáez-Delgado, Fabiola

Introducción. El ingreso de la juventud a la universidad es un periodo desafiante e importante para su vida, tanto en términos académicos como personales. Se requiere disponer de un conjunto de habilidades que le permitan ajustarse satisfactoriamente a las demandas del nuevo contexto educativo. El ajuste a la vida universitaria se vuelve una variable clave, dado que permite hacer frente a los requisitos de motivación, ejecución y rendimiento propios de la experiencia universitaria en los ámbitos, académicos, sociales, institucionales y personales del estudiantado. Por tanto, es necesario conocer aquellas variables que predicen un adecuado ajuste del estudiantado para proponer intervenciones oportunas de mejora. Objetivo. Evaluar la capacidad predictiva del engagement y la motivación académica en el ajuste de estudiantado universitario. Metodología. Diseño predictivotransversal, participaron 512 estudiantes de primer año de una universidad tradicional en Chile (hombres= 297 mujeres= 215). Promedio de edad 19 años (DE=1.49). Resultados. Los modelos de regresión propuestos fueron estadísticamente significativos. El engagement fue el mayor predictor del ajuste académico (β =.511 p<.01 r2=.40), institucional (β=.30 p<.01 r2=.37), social (β =.29 p<.01 r2=.15) y personal-emocional (β = .30 p<.01 r2=.10), seguido de la motivación autónoma. Conclusiones. El engagement académico es relevante no solo en la promoción del rendimiento académico, sino también en los procesos de integración y adaptación del estudiantado en el contexto universitario. Recomendaciones. Para contribuir con el ajuste del estudiantado durante los primeros años, se hace relevante la implementación de estrategias que potencien el engagement académico y la motivación autónoma.

Self-regulation is relevant to understanding the teaching–learning process; however, few studies have focused on teachers’ self-regulatory processes. The aim of this study was to characterize and analyze the relationship between teachers’ and students’ self-regulation. The design was cross-sectional and correlational. The sample consisted of 1481 participants (students n = 1123 and teachers n = 358) from 25 secondary schools in 17 cities of the Biobío region of Chile. In students, self-regulatory strategies were found to be deployed only half of the time; women were more self-regulated, and there was no difference in the levels of self-regulation according to grade. Teachers, it was found, almost always self-regulate their teaching, and the variables that influence their self-regulation are motivation, gender, and age, explaining between 25% and 28% of the variance. Positive and small correlations were evidenced between teacher role disposition with learning performance (rho = 0.10, p < 0.05) and teacher role self-evaluation with both learning performance and self-evaluation of learning in their students (rho = 0.12, p < 0.05). This study provides relevant evidence and proposes changes that could have a positive impact on teacher training and improve current teaching–learning practices in Chile, which would contribute to the quality of education.

Introduction/Objective: The resilience and emotional intelligence of teachers are crucial in order to face the daily educational challenges. To determine the association between teacher’s emotional intelligence and resilience during Emergency Remote Learning. Method: A quantitative approach and a cross-sectional predictive non-experimental design were used. Participants were 1329 teachers from Chilean schools. The WLEIS Emotional Intelligence Scale and the RS-14 resilience scale were used. Spearman correlation analyses and Yuen’s test were used for the comparative analysis by sex, and in the case of comparison by specialty the one-way ANOVA test was used; multiple regressions were performed. Results: High levels of resilience and between medium to high emotional intelligence; significant, positive and high relationship between emotional intelligence and resilience. Both in the emotional regulation variable and in the emotional intelligence variable significant differences were found regarding sex and specialty. The results of the predictive model with all emotional intelligence variables as predictors explained 43.5% of the observed variability of resilience. Conclusion: During the pandemic, teachers’ emotional intelligence and resilience are essential for facing the educational adversities and challenges that arise as a consequence of a context susceptible to constant and deregulatory change.

El aprendizaje autorregulado es una variable clave para el éxito académico. El objetivo de esta investigación fue sistematizar descriptivamente investigaciones empíricas cuantitativas sobre aprendizaje autorregulado en estudiantes de secundaria en el periodo 2015 a 2020. Se empleó la metodología de revisión sistemática PRISMAP. Fueron seleccionados 21 artículos. Los resultados mostraron que (1) las investigaciones se concentraron principalmente en Europa y Asia, (2) la muestra estuvo entre 101 y 500 estudiantes, (3) el diseño más empleado fue el correlacional, (4) las variables más abordadas fueron de las estrategias de aprendizaje, (5) el instrumento más utilizado para medir ARA fue el de Pintrich, Smith, García y McKeachie (1991), y (6) las limitaciones involucran aspectos de validez interna y externa de las investigaciones. Las insuficiencias metodológicas identificadas podrían poner en riesgo el impacto favorable de las intervenciones; en Latinoamérica es necesario avanzar en el diseño de investigaciones con alta validez, esto garantizaría obtener los resultados esperados.

Teachers’ social–emotional competencies are essential to educational quality. This study aimed to describe the theoretical background and relevance of teachers’ social–emotional competencies. We conducted a systematic review with a critical, theoretical review approach. The results showed that the concept has an increasingly complex history and followed a structured course from 1920 to present. Five main models have been identified: emotional regulation, prosocial classroom, Collaborative Association of Social Emotional Learning, Bar-On emotional intelligence, and emotional intelligence. There are measurement instruments consistent with four of the identified models; however, the model that does not have its own instrument uses different available scales. Specific recommendations are proposed to develop social and emotional competencies in educational public policies, which include school leadership, assessment, and teacher professional training. In conclusion, it is relevant to have clear guidelines that conceive and conceptualize social–emotional competence univocally. These guidelines would allow the design of instruments with a comprehensive and sufficient theoretical base that reflect the multidimensionality of the concept, provide a precise measure to assess the effectiveness of intervention programs, and enlist teachers who seek the development of the different skills that involve social–emotional competencies.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, students worldwide have continued their education remotely. One of the challenges of this modality is that students need access to devices such as laptops and smartphones. Among these options, smartphones are the most accessible because of their lower price. This study analyzes the usage patterns of smartphone users of undergraduate Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) students during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional descriptive study included 365 students: 162 (44.4%) women and 203 (55.6%) men from a Chilean university. The results revealed that students often accessed the learning management system (LMS) with their computers rather than with their smartphones. Students were connected to the LMS for more hours on their computers than on their smartphones. However, they spent more hours simultaneously connected on their computers and smartphones than just on their computers. During the day, students accessed the LMS mainly from 13:00 to 1:00. The number of connections decreased from 1:00 to 8:00 and increased from 8:00 to 13:00. The LMS resource that students accessed the most using smartphones was discussion forums, while the one they accessed the least was wiki pages. We expect these results to motivate faculties to schedule their activities during the hours students tend to be online and promote discussion forums.

Due to the closure of universities worldwide because of the COVID-19 pandemic, teaching methods were suddenly transformed to an emergency remote teaching (ERT) modality. Due to the practical nature of STEM courses, students cannot participate in activities in which manipulating objects is necessary for accomplishing learning objectives. In this study, we analyze the relation among STEM students learning beliefs at the beginning of ERT (T1) with their Learning Management systems (LMS) time-on-task and their final academic performance (T2) during the first semester of ERT. We used a prospective longitudinal design. 2063 students (32.3% females) from a university in Chile participated, where the academic year starts in March and finishes in December 2020. We assessed their learning and performance beliefs through an online questionnaire answered at the beginning of the academic period (T1). Then, using learning analytics, time invested in the CANVAS LMS and the academic performance achieved by students at the end of the semester (T2) were assessed. The results show that students mainly stated negative beliefs about learning opportunities during ERT (n = 1,396; 67.7%). In addition, 48.5% (n = 1,000) of students stated beliefs of “medium” academic performance for the first semester (T1). Students with lower learning beliefs at T1 spent less time in the LMS during the semester and had a lower academic performance at T2 than students who had higher learning beliefs at T1. The implications of these findings on the role of instructors and institutions of higher education are discussed.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar y estimar las propiedades psicométricas de escalas que miden las tres fases del proceso de autorregulación del aprendizaje. El diseño fue instrumental y participaron 438 estudiantes de educación secundaria de Ecuador. Las escalas se diseñaron a partir de la revisión de la literatura, validadas por jueces expertos y entrevistas cognitivas. Además, se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios, confirmatorios y de confiablidad. Los resultados indicaron adecuados índices de validez y confiabilidad; quedó conformada por 53 ítems representados en 5 escalas: 1) Estrategias de disposición al estudio, 2) autoeficacia para la disposición al estudio, 3) estrategias cognitivas, metacognitivas, y búsqueda de ayuda, 4) atribuciones causales, y 5) autoevaluación. Se concluye que las escalas son útiles para medir el proceso de aprendizaje autorregulado completo o procesos específicos, tanto para investigadores que diseñan intervenciones como para los profesores que buscan promoverla.

Las estrategias de disposición al estudio (establecer objetivos, gestionar el tiempo y organizar recursos) son claves para el aprendizaje autorregulado y el desempeño de los estudiantes, por lo que su medición debe ser lo más precisa posible. Sin embargo, los instrumentos para medir estrategias de aprendizaje son muy generales para evaluar estas estrategias disposicionales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo diseñar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento de estrategias de disposición al estudio en estudiantes universitarios, el cual fue aplicado a una muestra por conveniencia de 630 estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. La escala total y sus 4 subescalas mostraron consistencia interna adecuada (α > 0.70), estructura latente ajustada a los datos y correlaciones débiles, aunque estadísticamente significativas, con las calificaciones reportadas por los alumnos. Se concluye que el instrumento es confiable y válido para su aplicación en estudiantes de educación superior.

Early dropout and retention of students are critical problems in both secondary and higher education. Existing models that predict the intention to drop out require the incorporation of complex variables strongly related to student success, such as self-regulated learning. Moreover, new possible predictors have emerged in the context of a pandemic. This study set out to validate scales that measure the phases of self-regulation of learning in Chilean secondary school students and determine the association between self-regulation, forced labor insertion, technological barrier, and intention to quit during COVID-19. An instrumental design was carried out, where 251 students participated, and a cross-sectional predictive design with a sample of 171. Results showed adequate psychometric properties in assessment scales for self-regulation. Furthermore, the logistic regression model carried out to predict the dropout intention was significant. The final model showed that external causal attributions, planning self-evaluation, forced labor insertion, and technological barriers were significant predictors, achieving a success rate of 84.8%. In conclusion, although many factors are considered in dropout intention models, this study incorporated self-regulation skills that can be promoted in students and systematically integrated into school programs to help reduce dropout rates in secondary education, therefore contributing to a successful transition to higher education.