Dra. Troncoso-Pantoja, Claudia

La globalización ha potenciado la transición demográfica, con una marcada disminución de las tasas de mortalidad y también de fecundidad, situación que se presenta de manera dispar en países desarrollados o en vías de desarrollo1. Para el año 2019, la mitad de los países del mundo, presentaban una fecundidad por debajo de los niveles de reemplazo, lo que conlleva para los respectivos territorios, importantes cambios económicos, sociales y geopolíticos2. Por lo mismo, estimar la proyección de fecundidad y mortalidad de la población y como esta será afectada por los niveles de migración entre países ofrece una oportunidad única para planificar e implementar medidas que permitan a cada país adaptarse a estos cambios demográficos que se experimentarán a nivel mundial.

Background: Genetic variants within the FTO gene have been associated with increased adiposity and metabolic markers; however, there is limited evidence regarding the association of FTO gene variants with physical activity-related variables. The authors aimed to investigate the association of the rs17817449 single-nucleotide polymorphism of FTO with physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness in Chilean adults. Methods: A total of 409 participants from the GENADIO study were included and genotyped for the rs17817449 single-nucleotide polymorphism of FTO in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured with ActiGraph accelerometers. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using the Chester step test. The associations were assessed by using multivariate regression analyses. Results: No associations were found for FTO variant with physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness. The risk allele (G) of the FTO was found to be associated with sedentary time in the minimally adjusted model (β = 19.7 min/d; 95% confidence interval, 4.0 to 35.5, per each copy of the risk allele; P = .006), but the association was no longer significant when body mass index was included as a confounder (P = .211). Conclusion: The rs17817449 single-nucleotide polymorphism of the FTO gene was not associated with the level of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and sedentary behaviors in Chilean adults.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify which anthropometric measurement (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], or waist-to-height ratio [WHtR]) is a better predictor of type 2 diabetes and hypertension in the Chilean population. Methods: The study included 13 044 participants (59.7% women) from the Chilean National Health Surveys conducted in 2003, 2009-2010, and 2016-2017. BMI, WC, and WHtR were the anthropometric measurements evaluated. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure -90 mm Hg or on medication for hypertension. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose -7 mmol/L or on medication for diabetes. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and the area under curve (AUC) were computed to derive the specificity and sensitivity using a bootstrapping approach. Results: Compared with BMI and WC, WHtR was the anthropometric measurement with the highest AUC curve in both sexes for hypertension (AUC for women: 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-0.73; AUC for men: 0.71; 95% CI, 0.69-0.74) and diabetes (AUC for women: 0.71; 95% CI, 0.66-0.77; AUC for men: 0.71; 95% CI, 0.67-0.76). The sex-specific cutoff points of WHtR to predict hypertension were 0.59 and 0.55 for women and men, respectively. Those used to predict diabetes were 0.60 and 0.58 for women and men, respectively. Conclusion: WHtR was a better predictor of hypertension and diabetes than BMI and WC in Chile. The definition of cutoff points specific for the Chilean population could be implemented in future screening programs aiming to identify high-risk individuals.

El envejecimiento será una de las transformaciones sociales más importantes del siglo XXI en todo el mundo. En los últimos 40 años, Chile ha triplicado su población adulta mayor. Como resultado, para el 2050 el país tendrá la mayor proporción de adultos mayores en América Latina. Este notable crecimiento refuerza la necesidad de identificar su situación actual y revisar qué está haciendo la sociedad para mantener a las personas mayores como miembros activos. En este contexto, esta revisión narrativa tuvo como objetivo describir el perfil sociodemográfico, epidemiológico y sociocultural de los adultos mayores chilenos. Además, se identificaron programas y políticas públicas enfocadas a la mejora de su calidad de vida.

Fundamentos: La recopilación de los saberes y sabores de comidas tradicionales faculta la mantención de la identidad en las comunidades y los núcleos familiares, permitiendo ser un aporte para la alimentación saludable. Objetivo: Comprender el significado que representan las comidas tradicionales para un grupo de mujeres adultas mayores de la provincia de Concepción, Chile. Métodos: El estudio utilizó el paradigma cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico interpretativo de Heidegger. Como estrategia de recolección de datos, se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada. Las respuestas, se codificaron, reagruparon y analizaron a través de la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: Las entrevistadas identifican recetas culinarias con características que son tradicionales para ellas, reconociendo ingredientes y formas de preparación que se han mantenido en el tiempo. Las materias primas utilizadas son las mismas que recuerdan desde su época de infancia, aunque se menciona una dificultad en la adquisición de estos productos, debido al acceso o el costo económico de su adquisición. Sin embrago, el cambio de ingredientes no es apreciado como una modificación mayor a la receta más clásica. Otro aspecto importante es la modificación de los sabores en las preparaciones. A lo anterior, los alimentos y preparaciones de antaño eran identificados como más naturales y por lo mismo, reconocidos como más saludable. Conclusiones: Las comidas tradicionales permiten entrecruzar simbolismos y significados en mujeres adultas mayores, que favorecen la valoración de la alimentación desde los sabores, formas de preparar e ingredientes utilizados, percibiéndose como una alternativa para la alimentación saludable.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity (PA), both occupational (OPA) and during leisure time (LTPA), with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Chilean adults. 5,157 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010 were included in this study. OPA and LTPA levels were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between both PA with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors was determined using logistic regression. Our findings showed a significant trend between higher LTPA and lower odds for obesity (OR 0.64 [95% CI: 0.53; 0.76], central obesity 0.52 [0.44; 0.61]) and other cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes (OR: 0.72 [0.55; 0.94]), hypertension (OR: 0.59 [0.50; 0.71]) and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.62 [0.50; 0.78]). In contrast, OPA was only associated with lower odds of diabetes (OR: 0.79 [0.65; 0.98]) and hypertension (0.85 [0.74; 0.98]). In conclusion, LTPA was associated with a lower risk of all major cardiovascular risk factors, whereas OPA was only associated with a lower risk of diabetes and hypertension.

Certain countries have the privilege of diverse ecosystems that allow access to wide food availability. This fact carries an intrinsic diversity in bioactive compounds such as phytochemicals, especially polyphenols. The aim of this review is to summarize the advances in polyphenols research which have been conducted in Chile, with a focus on polyphenol-rich foods and health-related outcomes. In the first part, several studies that have analyzed food sources rich in polyphenols are presented. This is followed by a description of in vitro and in vivo studies from Chile that have evaluated the polyphenol compounds of Chilean foods or their extracts along with their biological activity or health effects. Most polyphenol studies in our search have an in vitro experimental design where mainly protective activities are tested. The antioxidant effect is remarkable in all studies. As well as discussing the future direction of dietary assessment and the approach to biomarkers in this field, currently, additional emphasis and research investment are necessary to explore more native foods with an added value.

The foodservice sector has grown rapidly due to the increase in meals out of home. Thanks to the enormous number of meals served daily, making changes to reduce the environmental footprint of their menus could have a positive impact on the sustainability of the food system. The objective of this study was to select indicators to evaluate and communicate the sustainability of culinary preparations offered by foodservices. A bibliographic search of indicators was carried out, which were subsequently subjected to validation regarding their relevance by a group of experts. The indicators finally selected, carbon footprint, water footprint, presence of meat and/or animal products, presence of local ingredients and generation of waste in processing, were applied to traditional Chilean recipes and the results were presented to two discussion groups of consumers to evaluate their understanding and usefulness. When these indicators were applied to 10 Chilean recipes, it was found that those containing meat as an ingredient were less sustainable. A group of consumers invited for validation found the way these indicators were communicated understandable and useful. It is expected that the validation of these indicators will be useful for communicating to services and consumers the sustainability of dishes in foodservices.

Objectives: Older adults with poor oral health may be at higher risk of being pre-frail or frail. However, very few studies have examined this association in Latin American countries and middle-aged individuals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between oral health and frailty status among Chilean adults ≥40 years. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting and Participants: We included 3,036 participants ≥40 years from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017. Methods: Frailty status was assessed with a 49-item frailty index, while the number of teeth, self-reported oral health, tooth decay, use of prostheses, and oral pain were the oral health conditions included. To assess the association between oral health conditions and frailty, we used multinomial logistic regression models status adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. Results: Overall, 40.6% and 11.8% of individuals were classified as pre-frail and frail, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, individuals with ≤20 teeth had a higher likelihood of being frail (odds ratio (OR): 1.94 [95% CI: 1.18–3.20]) than people with >20 teeth. Moreover, people with bad or very bad oral health, as well as oral pain, had a higher likelihood of being pre-frail (OR: 2.04 [95% CI: 1.40–2.97] and OR: 2.92 [95% CI: 1.58–5.39], respectively). Middle-aged individuals with fewer teeth and poor self-reported oral health had a higher likelihood of being pre-frail and frail than people ≥60. Conclusions and Implications: Individuals with poor global oral health were more likely to be pre-frail or frail. This association seems to be stronger in people <60 years old. Our results are consistent with previously published reports.